[Kurt Huldschinsky: A pioneer in the struggle against rickets]. / Kurt Huldschinsky: Ein Vorreiter im Kampf gegen Rachitis.

Kurt Huldschinsky (1883-1940) was a German pediatrician who was one of the international leaders in the field of rickets research between the two world wars. After his medical studies, he served at the Kaiserin-Auguste-Victoria-Haus in Berlin and at the University Children's Hospital in Vienna, among other places. After World War I, he worked with the famous orthopedist Konrad Biesalski at the Oskar-Helene-Heim for the healing and education of frail children in Berlin. Here he was the first to prove that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from mercury vapor lamps ("artificial sunlight") could cure rickets in young children, which is mostly caused by vitamin D deficiency. He published his discovery in this journal - the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift [German Medical Weekly] - in 1919. For this groundbreaking scientific achievement and his further research into the prevention and treatment of rickets, Huldschinsky was awarded the Otto Heubner Prize of the German Association of Pediatrics in 1926. He was even nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. As a Jew, however, he had to flee Germany from the National Socialists in 1933/34. Together with his wife and daughter, he emigrated to Egypt, where he died in Alexandria on October 31, 1940. As Huldschinsky was for many decades almost forgotten, this article recalls the life and work of a meritorious physician and scientist.

Dr. Benjamin Spock's evolving views on infant and toddler dental care.

Dr. Ted Croll discusses some of the highlights in the life of Dr. Benjamin Spock, renowned pediatrician, along with sharing aspects of his close personal relationship with Dr. Spock.

Arritmología pediátrica, el reto del siglo XXI / Paediatric arrhythmology: The challenge of the 21st century

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Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger's Career in Nazi-era Vienna.

Recent allegations that pediatrician Hans Asperger legitimized Nazi policies, including forced sterilization and child euthanasia, are refuted with newly translated and chronologically-ordered information that takes into account Hitler's deceptive 'halt' to the T4 euthanasia program in 1941. It is highly unlikely that Asperger was aware of the T4 program when he referred Herta Schreiber to Am Spiegelgrund or when he mentioned that institution 4 months later on the medical chart of another (unrelated) girl, Elisabeth Schreiber. Asperger campaigned vigorously from 1938 to 1943 to have his specialization, Curative Education, take priority in the diagnosis and treatment of disabled children over other fields that promoted Nazi racial hygiene policies. He neither disparaged his patients nor was he sexist. By 1938, he had identified the essentials of Asperger syndrome and described an unnamed boy whom he later profiled (as Ernst K.) in 1944. Rather than doing 'thin' research, Asperger made discoveries that were prescient, and some of his activities conformed to definitions of "individual resistance."

[Alexandre Frias i Roig: childcare pediatrician, medical doctor and scientific disseminator. Tireless fighter in favor of breastfeeding and childhood]. / Alexandre Frias i Roig: puericultor, médico y divulgador. Luchador incansable en favor de la lactancia materna y de la infancia.

INTRODUCTION: Alexandre Frias was born in Reus, the city where he developed most of his professional activity. Medical doctor and childcare pediatrician, he worked tirelessly in order to improve children's health. He created the first Instituto de Puericultura Integral (Integral Institute of Childcare) in Spain in 1919, which remained in operation until his death. The Institute's activities began with a clinic for breastfeeding children, breastfeeding service and a biochemical analysis laboratory, later expanding with prenatal childcare services, a refectory for pregnant women and general women, a pediatric office with a vaccination service and, as a complement, a home health care service and medical obstetrics. Convinced that breastfeeding and hygiene were fundamental for the prevention of diseases, he carried out an enormous educational work among mothers, doctors, governors and society in general. Forerunner of numerous initiatives for curative and preventive purposes, he established health education for mothers and professionals, school colonies, medical-school inspection, home delivery of scales for weight control and incubators for premature children and even a hygienic dress model for newborns. He made numerous publications as books form, such as the one entitled "Lo que deben saber las madres", booklets and newspapers articles. He founded and directed the scientific journal Puericultura (child care), published in Reus and distributed throughout the country until 1936. Its incessant activity in favor of the fight against infant mortality drastically reduced infant/children mortality in Reus and influenced the health and demographic improvement of all of Spain.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Alexandre Frias nació en Reus, ciudad donde desarrolló la mayor parte de su actividad profesional. Médico y puericultor, trabajó incansablemente con el fin de mejorar la salud infantil. Creó el primer Instituto de Puericultura integral de España en 1919, que se mantuvo en funcionamiento hasta su muerte. Las actividades del instituto se iniciaron con un consultorio para niños lactantes, servicio de lactario y un laboratorio de análisis, y se ampliaron posteriormente con servicios de puericultura prenatal, refectorio para embarazadas y mujeres, un consultorio de pediatría con servicio de vacunación y, como complemento, un servicio de asistencia domiciliaria de comadrona y un médico tocólogo. Convencido de que la lactancia materna y la higiene eran fundamentales para la prevención de enfermedades, realizó una ingente labor educativa entre madres, médicos, gobernantes y sociedad en general. Precursor de numerosas iniciativas con fines curativos y preventivos, instauró la educación sanitaria para madres y profesionales, las colonias escolares, la inspección médica-escolar, el servicio a domicilio de básculas para control de peso e incubadoras para niños prematuros e incluso un modelo de vestido higiénico para recién nacidos. Realizó numerosas publicaciones en forma de libros, como el titulado "Lo que deben saber las madres", opúsculos y artículos de prensa. Fundó y dirigió la revista Puericultura, editada en Reus y distribuida a todo el país, que se publicó hasta 1936. Su incesante actividad en pro de la lucha contra la mortalidad infantil redujo drásticamente las muertes en Reus e influyó en la mejora sanitaria y demográfica de toda España.